Changes in the American Government Essay - 948 Words

Throughout the lifespan of the American government, there have been changes to the different branches. One cannot simply claim that they are exactly as the Founding Fathers had designed them and pictured them; they have become so much more. Among these changes are the adoption of the 17th Amendment, the general surrender of control of power to the executive branch, and the centralization of power to a couple of congressional leaders in recent years. These are some of the most important changes that have altered the Congress and the American government in general. One of the essential changes that was mentioned near the beginning of the course was that of the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution. The Founders†¦show more content†¦3, 4). The Framers had intended the government to function in a certain manner, but subsequent generations began to alter this view in order to adopt a more democratic form of government (Rossum 2003, para. 3). Therefore, society is now left with a directly elected Senate that is not fulfilling the role intended by the Framers of the great experiment. Another of these monumental changes would be the surrender of the control of power from the legislative branch to the executive branch. Over the twentieth century, this became an increasing reality as the focus shifted from Congress to the president (Cooper 2009, 388). While this development has many different advantages in the American government system, there are disadvantages as well, such as a decrease in stability (Cooper 2009, 379). The role of the president has become more important because of the changes that have led to the modern world (Cooper 2009, 388). This has occurred because of a number of reasons, such as â€Å"substantial increases in the responsibilities of the federal government, the stakes of politics, and the ease of communication and travel† (Cooper 2009, 388). Furthermore, in recent years, Congress has not worked hard in certain circumstances to protect their rights but have surrendered to the executive branch (Davidson, Oleszek, and Lee 2010, 498). It isShow MoreRelatedTo What Extent Did the American Revolution Fundamentally Change American Society?851 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 24, 2012 DBQ: To what extent did the American Revolution fundamentally change American society? In your answer, be sure to address the political, social and economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800. After the American Revolution, Americans, who were free of British control, started to reevaluate politics, the economy and society. After breaking away from what they thought was a corrupt and evil government, Americans changed how they wanted to govern their societyRead MoreThe American Revolution Was A Political Revolution1322 Words   |  6 Pagesand led the colonies to declare independence. For the thirteen colonies the American Revolution began with its Declaration of Independence. The American Revolution was indeed a revolution, because its conclusion brought change. However, the American Revolution was a political revolution and but not a social revolution. The American Revolution was a political revolution because the values of government because government changed from a monarchy to a republic. After the colonies declared their independenceRead MoreThe Government And The Federal Service1661 Words   |  7 PagesAre we as American citizens receiving what we expect from our government or are we demanding too much from it. It seems that over the last several years we have demanded that our government has to find ways of doing more with less. As a result of the ever-increasing demands our government is forced to face, according to Professor Paul C. Light, the American government is ill executed and the federal service is less energetic than ever before (Paul, 2008). Thus, it seems that we as Americans are notRead MoreFederalism in Usa1172 Words   |  5 Pagesits origins to the American political system in place today Top of Form | | Bottom of Form 2. Examine three to five (3-5) factors that have allowed the concept of federalism to shape American political behavior 3. Discuss at least two (2) factors that illustrate how the relationship between the states and the U.S. federal government influences the creation of American policies overall 1. Provide three (3) examples of how federalism has evolved from its origins to the American political systemRead MoreA Transcontinental Railroad1499 Words   |  6 PagesAround the 1840’s, the western land was still fairy new to America with many Americans eager to expand. Americans became extremely curious, wondering what lies in this forsaken land and developed the proposal of manifest destiny. The term manifest destiny â€Å"was a brief way to express support for American expansion and the annexation of western lands† (Mountjoy 12). Americans were now longing for a path from the Pacific to the Atlantic coast and hoping to fulfill manifest destiny. To achieve this â€Å"AsaRead MoreWas The American Revolution Revolutionary?1549 Words   |  7 Pagesextent was the American Revolution revolutionary, one must define qualifications to accredit such a revolution. Is a revolution defined as a complete and utmost overthrow of an established government by a new regime? Or is a revolution defined as a subversive change in societal values/roles that changes the structures of a pre-existing social order? Or possibly both? In light of both definitions, one can evaluate that the American Revolution was indeed revolutionary because American colonists wereRead MoreAmerican Revolution Accelerated evolution vs Cataclysmic revolution1624 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The American Revolution was an accelerated evolution rather than a cataclysmic revolution to a certain point. An accelerated evolution is a rapid process of growth and change, while a cataclysmic revolution is a sudden and violent event that brings great changes. The extent to which the American Revolution was an accelerated evolution was during events that completely disregarded the government. When considered politically, economically and socially the extent to which the American Revolution wasRead MoreThe Importance Of Literature In American Literature714 Words   |  3 Pagesideals, or our laws. America before the Civil War very much resembled change due to the building of a nation, but also of the ideals of a nation. Somehow along the way these ideals converged, leading to conflict. However, one thing that has remained constant is American literature, and the popularity of literature in America. American Literature is a reflection of the fundamental right of Americans to protest against their government and express their grievances. The idea of the freedom of speech hasRead MoreBroken Politics And Broken Dreams1440 Words   |  6 PagesBroken Dreams What is a perfect form of government? What are politics and why do they matter? Now that you have thought about it, you may have thought this. The perfect government is one that does not internally fight itself over an opinion on a topic. It serves its citizens faithfully and cares for their thoughts and opinions. Politics are supposed to influence the government to make it better and to support its citizens. Politics helps us make a better government. Do you think America fits that descriptionRead MoreNative American And The American Of Native Americans1451 Words   |  6 PagesThe Native American population has suffered many tragedies at the hands of the United States government, from their first interactions through the mid-twentieth century. Government policies concerning American Indians worked in conjunction with the prejudices harbored by the majority of the white population in the United States to suppress Native American liberties and strip them of their cultural identity. These policies gave little to no regard for Native American customs, personal expression,

A Character Analysis of Old Man Warner in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 577 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Lottery Essay Did you like this example? The personality of Old Man Warner is constructed over the communitys unwillingness to abandon traditions at all costs. Shirley Jackson portrays Old Man Warner as an individual who has traditions instilled in him to a fault. Throughout the story, Old Man Warner is constantly at odds with the younger community members who start questioning the point of such a lottery. Jackson reveals through Old Man Warners personality that he is deeply traditional, resistant to change and is at times illogical and/or delusional. Jacksons description of the setting in The Lottery shows a town that relies heavily on the custom of having a yearly lottery. An example of reliance is how the black box now resting on the stool had been put into use even before Old Man Warner, the oldest man in town (Jackson 391). This shows that Old Man Warner has been raised into believing that the lottery has a significant role in society. The town still dons the same box it has and is reluctant to change the box in fear of upsetting anyone. A prime example of this is: Mr. Summers spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box (Jackson 391). This again shows how the past has affected the towns beliefs, consequently having a major impact on Old Man Warners personality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Character Analysis of Old Man Warner in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery" essay for you Create order Another personality trait of Old Man Warner is that he is illogical and/or delusional at times. Jackson shows this with Old Man Warners responses to the younger villagers wanting to abandon the lottery. A quote that demonstrates is when Mr. Adams said to Old Man Warner, who stood next to him, that over in the north village theyre talking of giving up the lottery (Jackson 393). An equally important quote is also, Old Man Warners response pack of crazy fools (Jackson 393). This shows his inability to function rationally and reveals how deeply rooted not only Old Man warner is but the entire community. Another piece of strong evidence suggests Old Man Warner was delusional is his full belief that the lottery had a direct effect on the villagers lives. Additionally, Jackson shows how in-depth Old Man Warners reliance on old deeply rooted traditions is to a fault. Jackson demonstrates this by displaying his fears of abandoning the lottery. Jackson shows extensively that Old Man Warner is afraid of change with his quotes. An excellent example of his fear of change is the quote: There has always been a lottery (Jackson 393). Another equally important example is his quote: The lottery in June, corn be heavy soon (Jackson 393). The author demonstrated by Old Man Warner that a community is so enthralled with traditions that they refuse to change regardless of outcomes. Jackson with the setting of the story was able to demonstrate not only how Old Man Warner was, but how the older community in the village was. The village had a common theme of fear of change and a community stuck in the past. The quotes from Old Man Warner indicate that he is stuck in an illogical past where he is resistant to change regardless of the outcomes. Jackson demonstrated the personality of Old Man Warner in an exceptional way. The Lottery is an exciting work of literature overall, with deep undertones. Work Cited Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. The Art of the Short Story, by Dana Gioia and R. S. Gwynn, Pearson Longman, 2006, pp. 390 396.

Happiness Is Not Free State Of Mind - 814 Words

First, as I begin, I will briefly explain what happiness is. Happiness: For some, it is simply being able to live freely and do whatever they want, without having any restrictions that may prevent them from doing so, whether it be money or other restraints. For others, happiness is also merely an elusive, worry-free state of mind. On the other hand, for different individuals, the meaning of happiness varies. For instance, for an individual who has been starving for days, receiving a piece of food is happiness. By answering this â€Å"question at issue,† Nosich explains that one will be able to accurately â€Å"explore their thinking and also the thinking of others† (52). Therefore, although it is likely for individuals to define happiness differently, I am certain that materialistic possessions will definitely not lead one to their definition of happiness. Along the quest to obtaining material possessions, individuals can occasionally fail to understand that money cannot provide one with everlasting happiness since they may never obtain what they view as an acceptable amount of money. To validate my claim, I will be using various well-known individuals from different walks-of-life that have admitted that material possessions alone, such as money itself, cannot supply anybody with a consistent source of happiness. The hip-hop artist and three times Grammy winner from St. John s University, Jermaine Cole, convincingly claims that, â€Å"The things you place your importance on can neverShow MoreRelatedEssay on What is Happiness?751 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is happiness? People have agonized over this question for centuries. Let me start this essay by answering a somewhat easier question: what isn’t happiness? Happiness is NOT feeling good all the time. Happiness is a combination of human emotions and states of mind. Exploring t his state of being has consumed the philosophical minds of the ages and will continue to do so for ages to come. In an unofficial poll of students at State University, I found that of the fifty-eight students andRead MoreIs Happiness the Purpose of Life?1317 Words   |  5 Pageswant happiness.† So, what’s the purpose of life? Is it to be happy? Everyone has that desire, to have happiness. We even base our decision we by how it will affect our happiness. In our life we experience happiness and unhappiness, but we are oblivious as to what happiness is. What comes to mind when thinking of happiness? Is it pleasure, the thought of the good life, prosperity, or is it something else? We won’t be able to have a response to that question until we have a notion of happiness. WhenRead MoreHappiness, Friendship, Family, Friends And Hobbies922 Words   |  4 PagesSince the days of Aristotle, happiness was thought to have at least two aspects: hedonia (pleasure) and eudaimonia (a life well lived). In contemporary psychology, happiness is referred to as simply pleasure and meani ng. Positive psychologists, such as Dr. Martin Seligman, have recently added one more distinct component to the definition of happiness: engagement. As referred to in Seligman’s book, Authentic Happiness, engagement refers to living a â€Å"good life† of work, family, friends and hobbiesRead MoreEssay on The Dalai Lama: A Path to Greater Happiness1601 Words   |  7 Pagesand has struggles to free his homeland from the Chinese occupation he has consistently opposed the use of violence. â€Å"He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.† (The Dalai Lama A Simple Path and An Open Heart pp. 800).Dalai Lama, since then, began teaching about the Four Noble Truths, in order to demonstrate that they offer an insightful path to greater happiness for individuals, andRead MorePersonal Identity Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pagesthing that the founding fathers co unted on is to have the will to speak freely and to have the will of religion in the constitution it say that every citizen should have life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. This impacts and brings everyone from different places to help create a society that is free. The founding fathers also counted for the people to speak for what is right. The reason is because this helps out on what the people want instead of the government wants this goes to show that the peopleRead MoreBrave New World and Individual Freedom785 Words   |  4 PagesThe Motto of the World State is Community, Identity, Stability. With detailed reference to the novel, how do you  view this  in relation to individual freedom? â€Å"Community, Identity, Stability.† -- The motto that shapes and defines the entire civilized world. Civilians like Lenina believe that the motto has given them their individual freedom. â€Å"I am free. Free to have the most wonderful time. Everybodys happy nowadays.† (Page 79) Ironically, Huxley was trying to convey the exact opposite messageRead MoreThe Emancipation On The Mind, Soul, And Spirit1380 Words   |  6 PagesShackles on the mind, soul, and spirit kept a race of people in slavery during a dark time in American history. Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in 1828 follows her life as a slave, known as Isabell, growing up and experiencing many different masters. Sojourner Truth’s meaning of freedom was largely shaped by her religious and family beliefs as well as her experiences as a chattel. Freedom is not just a release from the bondageRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Hux ley983 Words   |  4 Pagesis portrayed in Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. The focus of the World State is on society as a whole rather than on individuals. Some characters from the novel have a harder time accepting the conditioning. Through these characters, we learn the true cost of a government-dominated society. In Brave New World, Huxley conveys that a totalitarian government will provide happiness and peace by abolishing individuality and free thinking. In a Brave New World, the government creates a society thatRead MoreFathers Of A Free Nation : Franklin And Jefferson969 Words   |  4 PagesFathers of a Free Nation: Franklin and Jefferson American citizens have much to be thankful for; we live in a free country where we have the opportunity to follow our dreams and inspirations. We didn’t just wake up one day and realize we were living in the land of the free and it didn’t happen overnight. Our founding fathers are to thank for our lives of liberty, they fought tirelessly and succeeded. Two of the men that earned that glorious title are Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin a.k.a.Read MoreFree Speech Or Freedom Of Speech Essay911 Words   |  4 Pageswe are entitled for legal freedom to do whatever we wanted to. However, the freedom of speech has been challenged by many university students and educators recently. In their argument, they believe that free speech has triggered students’ unhappiness and jeopardize campus’ safety. What is the free speech or freedom of speech? According to dictionary, freedom of speech is the right of people to express their opinions publicly without governme ntal interference, subject to the laws against libel, incitement

Localization Function in the Brain Essay Sample free essay sample

Localization of map refers to the belief that specific countries of the intellectual cerebral mantle are associated with specific physical or behavioural maps. Examples of instance surveies to turn out how specific locations of the encephalon can be affected and have an impact on behaviour are demonstrated by the HM and Phineas Gage incident. In 1848. when Phineas Gage was fiddling Fe to press explosives into a hole. an detonation sent a rod through his caput. His physician J. M Harlow recognized some important alterations in his personality and described him as holding small restraint. utilizing highly ill-mannered linguistic communication. and doing expansive programs for the hereafter that would be immediately replaced with others. Because the frontal lobe of the encephalon was damaged. Pot became disinhibited which meant he wanted to get down making things that might he might usually hold stopped himself from making. Although he wanted to go on working. We will write a custom essay sample on Localization Function in the Brain Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page his unprompted and ill-mannered behaviour was non conductive to working with other people hence could non go on. Sperry had a survey to assist neuroscientists understand the manner the encephalon maps and look to be non merely localized in specific parts. but besides lateralized ( left and right hemispheres seem to be more or less responsible for certain activities ) . The participants in Sperry’s work had all undergone an operation to cut down the badness of their epilepsy by break uping the principal callosum. The principal callosum is a portion of the encephalon that joins the two hemispheres and it appears to be responsible for the communicating between them. Without this communicating and under the right experimental conditions the two hemispheres could be studied individually and their sometimes-subtle differences identified. A similar incident happened with HM ( 1953 ) . where he had to undergo a surgery to take the median temporal lobes in order to cut down the frequence of his epileptic ictuss. The operation resulted in the remotion of more of his encephalon than was intended and had effects on his memory. When taken an MRI encephalon scan ( 1996 ) . there was a surprising extent of harm to the temporal lobes and other parts of the encephalon. and it is supposed that this was caused by a bad reaction to his epileptic medicine that HM was taking. HM was hence incapable to make long-run memories. He had anterograde amnesia where he had an inability to retrieve associating to the clip since of his operation. HM’s temper reported by Ogden ( 2005 ) was that he was unagitated and he may besides be truly content and good-natured. How we exercise the encephalon is wedged observations of theoretical accounts and how motivated we feel we should larn things. In the split-brain surveies. each hemisphere constitutes a separate head or domain of consciousness that may be why we have different witting watercourses and because we exercise one more hemisphere. it may be why we are better at some cognitive activities and cognize yourself more. The encephalon is organized in the signifier of faculties that work in parallel and frequently non-consciously. This may explicate why we act and react impetuously and have no control of actions. Two hemispheres differ in their processing manners which means people can believe and memorise information depending on the manner they think and memorize information. There may be a biological nexus on how we process information and execute our activates and associate to others. It may be possible to pull decisions about causes and effects in footings of the interactions between knowledge and physiology in the Phineas Gage and HM incident. The environment besides plays an of import portion in determining the construction of the encephalon. We need to account for single differences in encephalon construction and map and how that affects individual’s behaviour and societal interactions with others. An illustration of this can be how you learn can act upon the encephalon. If you develop a side more than the other you will get different accomplishments. You besides entree the universe and interact with others depending on how developed your cognitive side of the encephalon is and how accurate you perceive the universe. Social interactions are hence determined by the manner we process information. The manner we are raised. educated. civilization impacts on how stimulated the encephalon is. For illustration Japan or China emphasize on academic public presen tation that may be due to the left hemisphere being more developed. Mental unwellness can besides happen if the encephalon harm occurs or for inability to see a point of view.

Alternative Dispute Resolution by ACAS

Question: Describe the purpose of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) with references to services provided by ACAS? Answer: An introduction to Alternative Dispute Resolution The process of Alternative Dispute Resolution can be considered as a collection of the processes which can be used for the resolution of various conflicts and other disputes in a more private or casual manner. The entire process of Alternative Dispute Resolution attempts to give a possible substitute for the traditional courts for resolution of disputes (Broadbent, 2009). The resolution of processes includes different complaints and grievances. However, it should also be noted that even though the process of Alternative Dispute Resolution is friendlier process of resolving disputes it cannot replace the traditional practices of the court. There are a number of reasons for using the Alternative Dispute Resolution method instead of the court processes traditionally practiced. The foremost reason is that this method is far less expensive and easy as compared to the traditional court practice. The number of challenges and the number of formalities involved in the process of Alternative Dispute Resolution is far less and it also promotes the creativeness of individuals and look for even better and viable solutions to the disputes (Hayford, 2000). The Alternative Dispute Resolution process tries to keep away from the volatility which is generally attached to the decisions that is given by a number of decisions of the court as these courts have been following traditional ways to solve disputes that has been followed for a number of years. Also it must be noted that the process of Alternative Dispute resolution usually results in giving these parties improved outcomes and connections with the parties to the disputes so that t he parties are able to maintain a better relationship and morale in the workplace (Atlas, Huber and Trachte-Huber, 2000). In general, there are two types of Alternative Dispute Resolution processes. The first method includes the resolving of the disputes outside the formal judicial process. The second method for alternative dispute resolution is the attachment to the official judicial mechanisms. Some of the other methods available for dispute resolution include programs on mediation or the offices on ombudsman in the organizations. Irrespective of whether the methods are pending, the methods are more or less same having skill sets or sub-sets for negotiations (Briefing: Most GPs are also employers. The Advisory, Conciliation, and Arbitration ..., 1997). Alternative Dispute Resolutions also includes tribunals, processes of mediation, some formal tribunals and formal processes of mediation. The typical form of tribunals in ADR is arbitration where the decision can be either binding or advisory or may also be non-binding (Pareek, 2014). Another typical form is the presence of private judges who either sit alone or in panels or at jury trials. The typical form for mediation is the appointment of mediator or a mediation panel by the court. The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service The ACAS or the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service provide service for the alternative dispute resolutions for the people in the United Kingdom. This is a non departmental body that is under the powers of the Crown in United Kingdom. The main objective of this Alternative Dispute Resolution body is to make improvements in the organization and also the work culture. The service further aims to promote and facilitate stronger and more supportive performances in the field of industrial relations (Clark, 2001). The service of Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration can be done with a number of different mediums and these include the processes of arbitration or mediation or conciliation. It must be noted that the service is most known for the dispute resolving process of conciliation. This process of conciliation includes the resolution of disputes for various groups of workers and employees with the employers. These employees are mostly represented by the trade unions. The ACAS is an independent organization that is also fair and usually it avoids taking any sides for any party and assists them to come to a probable solution for the resolution of dispute. Services of the ACAS The service commenced in 1896 when the government of United Kingdom decided to start a voluntary service for arbitration and conciliation. The duties of the service include the giving of free direction for the employers, unions having industrial and personal disputes. Previously, this service was named as Industrial Relations Services in 1960. Later in the year 1972 the name was modified to Conciliation and Advisory Service. Further, in the year 1976, the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service was transformed into a statutory body in accordance to the Employment Protection Act 1975. The main services of the ACAS are the promotion of the settlement of claims and the issuance of the employment tribunals. As mentioned earlier this service is more involved in the rendering of conciliation services to the parties. The services here are notified of the claims which are applied according to the services that are provided by the ACAS (Stuart and Martinez Lucio, 2008). The service also reports the various proposals that are to be settled, gives advice to the parties on such matters that is related to the procedures of the tribunals and gives encouragements on the different ways for solving the problems and also listening to the views of others. This process of resolving dispute through conciliation is generally more successful and it focuses on the mind of the parties and their pros and cons of the class. It is further helpful for the people who are not interested to be represented in the traditional court of law. It must also be noted that the discussions that has been conducted during this service is usually kept private and is also not referred for any hearing of the tribunals until the person for whom the communication is made has consented for the referral. After through the process of conciliation any argument is reached the terms and conditions of the settlement should be made formal by making a legal and binding agreement which involves all the records with regard to the terms for the settlement. The claims before and after are dealt with the appropriate services of ACAS. Advantages of ADR and ACAS The advantages of Alternative Dispute Resolution or ACAS are many. The increase in this form of dispute resolution is gradually on the increase and in the international level it has been integrated formally into the legal system. Some of the advantages of alternative dispute resolution have been listed below (Freeman, 1995). Firstly, ADR is more suitable for cases where there is more number of parties. Secondly, the process of ADR is more flexible as it is decided by the parties themselves. Thirdly, the cost is comparatively lower and less complex procedures are to be followed. Fourthly, parties can choose the third parties for negotiations. Fifthly, the solutions offered are generally based on the needs and requirements of the parties (Bevan, 1992). Further, the entire process is confidential and the agreements are durable. And finally, the process assists in preserving the disputes even after the resolution of disputes. Conclusion The Alternative Dispute Resolution permits the solving of disputes through a number of ways and primarily through conciliation, mediation and arbitration. All of these methods are preferred by the United Kingdom government and also the well known business organizations when compared with the traditional court processes. The ACAS provides such service that shows that this method of alternative dispute resolution is gradually becoming more and more popular and a huge number of people prefer this mode of dispute resolution (BLANCERO, DelCAMPO and MARRON, 2010). Nonetheless, it also needs to be noted that even though the methods of alternative dispute resolution is preferable, when disputes are not solved in this manner they have to be resolved in the traditional court of law. ii) The precedence of European Union Laws over Domestic UK laws Introduction The dominance of the European Union laws in the United Kingdom is based on the principle that the laws which are prepared by all the member states together in the European Union would be given preference when any such law conflict with the domestic laws of the country. Therefore, courts in United Kingdom should take into consideration the European Union laws instead of the national laws on the same subject. This principle had arisen from the European Court of Justice and this principle can be observed in a number of decisions of the court (Hartley, 2005). Legal decisions that support the laws of European Union Regarding the principle that the laws of the European Union should precede there has been court decisions that have supported this view. This principle has been very apparent since the case of Van Gend en Loos (Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, [1963]) in the year 1963. In this case the European Court of Justice had stated that the European Union is such a community that constitutes a fresh legal order in the international law. It is for the broader benefit of the entire European community that the countries have decided to restrict their sovereignty. Hence this legal order would protect the benefits of the European community. The doctrine of Supremacy does not have a fundamental base in the treaty of European Community and the European Court of Justice formed this legal order. The primary focus of the decision of this case relies on the terms of the direct application and effect. The European Court of Justice mentioned about the legal order since this Union was not any ordinary international organization. This community was considered to be more independent and was supposed to impact profu sely on the legal systems of the member states. The case of R v Secretary of State for Transport(R v Secretary of State for Transport, Ex p Factortame, [2001]) is an example in this regard. The House of Lords decided in the case that when the conditions are such that any act of the Parliament contradicts the European Union laws, it is the duty of the United Kingdom Judicial system to apply the European Union laws instead of the laws of United Kingdom. Lord Bridge had further clarified that this sort of a restriction on the sovereignty had been decided upon and accepted by the Parliament of the country. This restriction even though not inherited from the Treaty of Rome, in the European Communities Act 1972, it was established by the Parliamentary jurisprudence. In another case of Costa v Enel (Costa v Enel, [1964]), the European Court of Justice stated that when the laws of the member states conflicts with the laws of the European Union, the latter would prevail and any other consequent act that is unilateral will not prevail when it is contrary to the conceptual laws of the society. In this regard the treaty of Maastricht may also be mentioned. In accordance to this treaty, no European Union laws can prevent the creation of laws on different subjects that includes work conditions, the socio-political issues or environment. The only thing that needs to be kept in mind is that the laws made need to be well matched with the Treaty of Rome and be in the proper jurisdiction for consideration of the treaty (Konstadinidis, 1998). Another significant case may be mentioned in this regard. The case of Italian Minister of Finance v Simmenthal (Italian Minister of Finance v Simmenthal, [1978]), is a significant case where the European Court of Justice focused on the predominance of the European Union laws which tend to affect the past as well as the future enactments. In the given case the facts stated that a fee had been charged for health inspections when Simmenthal imported beef from the country of France to his own country Italy. This was according to a law in Italy. This law was however inconsistent with the laws given in the Treaty of European Community and other regulations passed in 1968. During the trial two vital points were raised. The primary point was that the law of Italy should prevail since it was passed after the community regulations have been passed. The second contention was that even though the law conflicted with the treaty obligations, it is not applicable as the law was applied by courts in Italy when it was considered unconstitutional by the Constitutional court in the country. Finally the courts in Italy had to comply with the community provisions and were restricted from applying the provisions which conflicted with the national laws. The controversies regarding the issue of European Union laws taking over the domestic laws of the member countries have come under scrutiny a number of times. It must be mentioned that United Kingdom is a member of the European Union and hence it is a requirement for the country to abide by the regulations of the European Union. Supremacy of the EU Laws Primarily these restrictions with regard to the domestic laws first came up with the implementation of the European Communities Act 1972 (Pearson of Rannoch, 2013) and the restriction was voluntarily accepted by all the member states of the European Union (Wiesbrock, 2010). This 1972 Act had mentioned the conditions that the court of United Kingdom has a certain duty while delivering judgment and that is to give more importance to the European Union laws and not the domestic laws of the country. The laws of the European Union consist of treaties, regulations and also directives. With regard to the regulations, these treaties and directives have dominance over the laws of the country that stands contradicting them. Further the laws also include that the member state will be not permitted to make any more domestic laws in that area for implementing the treaties or directives. Directives can be defined as that kind of goals which are which can be achieved in a particular span of time. In order to reach that goal the member states can make laws accordingly. The British government is allowed to enter into international treaties binding the country in accordance with the Royal Prerogative. Further, the country also has the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. According to this doctrine, no modification exists with regard to the rights of the British citizens or any individuals and such a thing cannot be carried out without the parliamentary consent. In order to change any such act the legislation of the Parliament may be required. Therefore, for the protection of the country from the breach of international rules or regulations it is a must that United Kingdom includes the international treaties and obligations win the national laws of the country. Conclusion The United Kingdom needs to override any such law that is contradicting to the European Union laws. The Parliament in Britain presently upholds that the laws of the European Union are ultimate (Wall, 1973). The rule of Dicey may be mentioned in this regard. Accordingly, the European Communities Act 1972 may be repealed at any time. For the theories the laws of the European Union is the one that is ultimate, but logically the internal laws of the country is the one that is ultimate. References Atlas, N., Huber, S. and Trachte-Huber, E. (2000).Alternative dispute resolution. Chicago, Ill.: Section of Litigation, ABA. Bevan, A. (1992).Alternative dispute resolution. London: Sweet Maxwell. BLANCERO, D., DelCAMPO, R. and MARRON, G. (2010). Just Tell Me! 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